{"id":748,"date":"2025-11-11T08:20:12","date_gmt":"2025-11-11T08:20:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/devsecopsschool.com\/blog\/?p=748"},"modified":"2025-11-11T08:20:13","modified_gmt":"2025-11-11T08:20:13","slug":"kubernetes-security-eks-access-control-blueprint-a-complete-13-layer-acl-framework-for-kubernetes-security","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/devsecopsschool.com\/blog\/kubernetes-security-eks-access-control-blueprint-a-complete-13-layer-acl-framework-for-kubernetes-security\/","title":{"rendered":"Kubernetes Security: EKS Access Control Blueprint: A Complete 13-Layer ACL Framework for Kubernetes Security"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

EKS ACCESS CONTROL BLUEPRINT \u2014 COMPLETE 13-LAYER ACL FRAMEWORK (2025 Edition)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

A single-page, production-ready guide for implementing ACLs across VPC, ALB, Kubernetes, and AWS APIs.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

This blueprint covers every layer<\/strong> where access can be allowed, denied, restricted, or authenticated in an EKS Full Auto Mode<\/strong> cluster fronted by AWS ALB<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

1. AWS Network ACLs (Subnet-Level ACLs)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Purpose:<\/strong> Coarse, stateless allow\/deny at the VPC subnet layer.
Use Cases:<\/strong> Block unwanted IPs before they reach nodes; restrict subnet-to-subnet traffic.
Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Create NACLs per subnet.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Allow only trusted inbound ports.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Deny unknown external CIDRs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Restrict DB\/private subnets to EKS subnet CIDRs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    \n\n\n\n

    2. ALB Access Controls (CIDR, Host, Header, Path, Query)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

    Purpose:<\/strong> Gate who can reach your ALB and what content they can request.
    Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Set ALB Security Group<\/strong> ingress to trusted CIDRs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Use listener rules for host<\/strong>, path<\/strong>, header<\/strong>, query<\/strong> filtering.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Limit exposure by avoiding 0.0.0.0\/0 where possible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
      \n\n\n\n

      3. ALB WAFv2 WebACL (L7 Firewall)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

      Purpose:<\/strong> Application-layer ACL (SQLi, XSS, bots, geo-block, IP sets).
      Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • Create a WAF ACL with AWS managed rules.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Add IP sets for allowlist\/denylist.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Attach to ALB using: alb.ingress.kubernetes.io\/wafv2-acl-arn: arn:aws:wafv2:...<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
        \n\n\n\n

        4. Kubernetes Ingress (ALB) Annotations<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

        Purpose:<\/strong> Per-application edge ACLs.
        Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • Add CIDR restrictions using inbound-cidrs<\/code>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Enforce TLS policies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Enable access logs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Add authentication (OIDC\/Cognito) or mTLS if required.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Apply path-based routing + header-based rules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
          \n\n\n\n

          5. Kubernetes NetworkPolicies (Pod-to-Pod ACLs)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

          Purpose:<\/strong> L3\/L4 internal ACL\u2014east-west traffic control.
          Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • Ensure CNI supports NetworkPolicy (Calico\/Cilium\/AWS NP Mode).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Apply:\n
              \n
            • default-deny ingress<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • default-deny egress<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Explicitly allow:\n
                \n
              • DNS<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • ingress \u2192 web<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • web \u2192 db<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • specific egress IPs\/domains<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                \n\n\n\n

                6. Kubernetes RBAC (API Access ACLs)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

                Purpose:<\/strong> ACL for Kubernetes API (resource access).
                Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n
                • Create ServiceAccounts for each workload.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Bind Roles (not ClusterRoles) with least-privilege verbs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Deny cluster-admin to all but break-glass users.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Audit RBAC changes regularly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                  \n\n\n\n

                  7. Security Groups for Nodes & Pods (SGP)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

                  Purpose:<\/strong> VPC-level ACLs for workloads.
                  Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \n
                  • Harden Node SG: restrict inbound ports.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Enable Security Groups for Pods<\/strong> in EKS add-ons.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Attach pod-specific SGs for DB\/RDS layer restrictions (pod \u2192 RDS only).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                    \n\n\n\n

                    8. IRSA (IAM Roles for Service Accounts)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

                    Purpose:<\/strong> AWS API ACLs per pod.
                    Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                      \n
                    • Create IAM role with least privilege.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Annotate ServiceAccount: eks.amazonaws.com\/role-arn: arn:aws:iam::123:role\/app-role<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Use IAM policy to restrict S3, DynamoDB, SQS, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                      \n\n\n\n

                      9. VPC Egress Controls (Outbound ACLs)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

                      Purpose:<\/strong> Control outbound to internet\/AWS.
                      Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                        \n
                      • Place workloads in private subnets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Use NAT \u2192 restrict egress ports.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Add VPC Endpoints for AWS APIs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Apply endpoint policies (deny wildcard \u201c*\u201d).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • For strong controls: deploy AWS Network Firewall<\/strong> for domain\/port rules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                        \n\n\n\n

                        10. Pod Security Admission (PSA)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

                        Purpose:<\/strong> ACL for pod security settings.
                        Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                          \n
                        • Label namespaces: pod-security.kubernetes.io\/enforce=restricted<\/code><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Block privileged containers, hostPath, hostNetwork, root user.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Force hardened workload specs across prod namespaces.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                          \n\n\n\n

                          11. EKS API Server Access Controls<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

                          Purpose:<\/strong> ACL for who may reach or control the cluster API.
                          Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                            \n
                          • Restrict public endpoint CIDRs to office\/VPN.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          • Prefer private API endpoint<\/strong> if possible.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          • Lock down aws-auth<\/code> Access Entries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          • Enable API audit logging for RBAC\/Ingress\/NetPol changes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                            \n\n\n\n

                            12. Admission Policies (Kyverno or Gatekeeper)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

                            Purpose:<\/strong> Additional, programmable ACLs.
                            Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                              \n
                            • Deny pods without NetworkPolicy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Block use of default ServiceAccount.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Enforce image registry allowlists (e.g., only ECR).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Require labels, owners, resource limits.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                              \n\n\n\n

                              13. Service Mesh L7 Authorization (Optional but Advanced)<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n

                              Purpose:<\/strong> In-cluster L7 ACL (JWT claims, methods, paths).
                              Steps:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                \n
                              • Enable Istio or Cilium Service Mesh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Turn on mTLS cluster-wide.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Add AuthorizationPolicies:\n
                                  \n
                                • allow only GET\/POST<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • allow only JWT role=admin<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • allow specific frontend \u2192 backend routes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                  \n\n\n\n

                                  <\/h1>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                  EKS ACCESS CONTROL BLUEPRINT \u2014 COMPLETE 13-LAYER ACL FRAMEWORK (2025 Edition) A single-page, production-ready guide for implementing ACLs across VPC,… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":749,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"series":[],"class_list":["post-748","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nKubernetes Security: EKS Access Control Blueprint: A Complete 13-Layer ACL Framework for Kubernetes Security - DevSecOps School<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/devsecopsschool.com\/blog\/kubernetes-security-eks-access-control-blueprint-a-complete-13-layer-acl-framework-for-kubernetes-security\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kubernetes Security: EKS Access Control Blueprint: A Complete 13-Layer ACL Framework for Kubernetes Security - 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